▸SECTION 59H
of Chapter 231 of the General Laws, as appearing in the 2022 Official Edition, is hereby amended by striking the section in its entirety and inserting in place there of the following new section:-
A. Substantive Immunity
The purpose of this statute is to ensure full participation by citizens and organizations in the robust discussion of issues in furtherance of the right of petition, and of the rights of freedom of speech and of expression in connection with any matter of public concern. Because there has been a disturbing increase in lawsuits brought primarily to chill the valid exercise of First Amendment rights to speak on public issues, this statute recognizes that such litigation is disfavored and should be resolved quickly with minimum cost to those exercising their rights protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution or Article 16 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. In furtherance of this purpose, in any case in which a party asserts that the civil claims, counterclaims, cross claims or pre-suit discovery against said party are based, either in whole or in part, on said party’s exercise of its right of petition, or of its rights of freedom of speech or freedom of expression in connection with any matter of public concern under the Constitution of the United States or of the Commonwealth, said party may bring a special motion to dismiss.
1. All laws of this commonwealth shall be construed to afford a qualified immunity from suits and proceedings and from liability for any defendant or counter-defendant in any action, case, claim, arbitration, or administrative proceeding, that impacts their First Amendment rights. This immunity shall be broadly construed to protect all First Amendment rights.
2. This immunity may be invoked by a defendant or counter-defendant at any time, but it can be waived if the defendant or counter-defendant substantially litigates the case beyond a jurisdictional challenge before raising the immunity, unless facts later develop demonstrating the immunity should apply, and such facts were not available to the defendant prior.
3. This immunity may be invoked by making a showing that a claim or counterclaim is based upon the defendant or counter-defendant's use of the rights afforded under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution or the free speech provision of the Massachusetts Constitution, see art. 16 of the Declaration of Rights, as amended by art. 77 of the Amendments to the Massachusetts Constitution.
4. This immunity may be invoked so long as a claim or counter-claim is based upon at least one act in furtherance of these rights, even if the claim or counter-claim is also based on acts not in furtherance of these rights.
5. This immunity may only be overcome by a showing by the plaintiff or counter-plaintiff that the claim or counterclaim is of sufficient merit, with prima facie evidence, there is a probability of prevailing on the claim or counterclaim. If invoked in federal court or in a court outside the Commonwealth, the plaintiff must show that the claim can survive a motion to dismiss or a motion for summary judgment, or analogous motion, as applicable.
6. Given that this is a substantive immunity from suit, not just liability, any denial of a motion invoking this immunity shall be appealable on an interlocutory basis in the state courts of Massachusetts and, to the fullest extent permissible, in the jurisdiction in which the matter is pending.
7. If a defendant or counter-defendant successfully invokes this immunity, that defendant or counter-defendant shall be entitled to all actual costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys' fees expended in the defense of the case as well as all actual costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys' fees expended in any successful appeal. The rights and remedies of this statute apply to claims brought by the Commonwealth or its subdivisions against any person or entity and, to the fullest extent possible, sovereign immunity for the recovery by such defendant of fees, costs, and damages provided in this statute is hereby waived. The provisions of this statute shall not apply to a cause of action asserted against a governmental unit or an employee or agent of a governmental unit acting or purporting to act in an official capacity.
8. If a defendant or counter-defendant successfully disposes of all claims or counter-claims by a party brought against it under this Section, the defendant or counter-defendant may recover all actual costs, disbursements, and reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred in defending itself from the claims or counter-claims, regardless of whether such costs, disbursements, or attorneys’ fees are related to a motion under this Section.
9. If fewer than all claims or counterclaims are disposed of under this Section, the defendant or counter-defendant may only recover those costs, disbursements, and attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with a motion under this Section.
10. This immunity may be exercised either by a motion to dismiss invoking the immunity, a motion for judgment on the pleadings, or an early motion for summary judgment invoking the immunity. The party invoking this immunity may also bring a counterclaim for violation of the Anti-SLAPP law.
B. Special Motion to Dismiss Procedure
The purpose of this section is to provide procedures through which Section A will apply in all courts in this Commonwealth.
1. In federal courts and in foreign jurisdictions, these procedural rules are severable from the anti-SLAPP substantive immunity established in the foregoing section. In Massachusetts state courts, and wherever these rules are not in conflict with those of the tribunal, if an action is brought against a person in violation of the Substantive Immunity from anti-SLAPP litigation, the person against whom the action is brought may bring a special motion to dismiss or an Anti-SLAPP counterclaim, or both.
2. A special motion to dismiss may be filed 7 days after notice of an intent to bring an Anti-SLAPP motion is served upon the plaintiff (or other authority bringing the claim)
3. If a special motion to dismiss is filed, the court shall:
(a) Determine whether the moving party has established by a preponderance of the evidence that the claim fits within the substantive immunity protections;
(b) If the court determines that the moving party has met the burden pursuant to subparagraph (a), determine whether the non-moving party has demonstrated with prima facie evidence a probability of prevailing on the claim;
(c) If the court determines that the non-moving party has established a probability of prevailing on the claim pursuant to paragraph (b), ensure that such determination will not:
(1) Be admitted into evidence at any later stage of the underlying action or subsequent proceeding; or
(2) Affect the burden of proof that is applied in the underlying action or subsequent proceeding;
(d) Consider such evidence, written or oral, by witnesses or affidavits, as may be material in making a determination pursuant to paragraphs (a) and (b);
(e) Except as otherwise provided in subsection 4, stay all other portions of the case, including discovery and motion practice pending:
(1) A ruling by the court on the motion; and,
(2) The disposition of any appeal from the ruling on the motion; and,
(f) Rule on the motion within 30 judicial days after the motion is served upon the plaintiff, with such time to be extended by good cause shown or as the court’s schedule requires.
4. Upon a showing by a party that information necessary to meet or oppose the burden pursuant to paragraph (3) is in the possession of another party or a third party and is not reasonably available without discovery, the court shall allow limited discovery for the purpose of ascertaining such information.
(a) This showing must be demonstrated by separate motion, and must be accompanied by an affidavit, signed under penalty of perjury, by the moving party and the moving party’s attorney,
(b) This motion must lay out, with specificity, the discovery requested, the reason it the specific discovery is necessary, and why it cannot be gathered in any other way.
(c) If the motion lacks such specificity, it must be denied and the reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred in opposing it must be awarded to the non-moving party.
(d) Before bringing such discovery motion, the prospective moving party must meet and confer with the non-moving party in order to resolve the matter without a motion. If the non-moving party has unreasonably declined to agree to the discovery, the moving party shall be entitled to the reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred in bringing the motion.
5. If the court dismisses the action pursuant to a special motion to dismiss, the dismissal operates as an adjudication upon the merits.
6. If the plaintiff or counter-plaintiff notices dismissal or moves to voluntarily dismiss the action, or seeks to amend the complaint, after a special motion to dismiss is filed,
(a) Such notice of dismissal or motion to dismiss shall function as an admission that the special motion was meritorious, and thus the court must grant the motion.
(b) Such motion to amend shall function as an admission that the special motion was meritorious as to any claims that the amendment would remove,
7. The court may modify any deadlines pursuant to this section or any other deadlines relating to a complaint filed pursuant to this section if such modification would serve the interests of justice.
C. The SLAPP Back Statute:
The purpose of this section is to provide a positive cause of action for persons who have been aggrieved by a SLAPP suit, but require additional remedies to be made whole.
1. If any claim, action, administrative proceeding, or any action of any kind is brought against a party, and that party wishes to invoke the anti-SLAPP law by way of separate action, they may do so.
2. If an action is brought, and a party successfully invokes the anti-SLAPP statute, that person may bring a separate action to recover any damages, costs and fees that could not be recovered in the trial court.
3. The elements of this claim are:
a. claim was filed,
b. there was an anti-SLAPP motion filed (or an equivalent in federal court)
c. The motion was successful. The motion shall be considered “successful” if a court rules it so or if the Plaintiff in the prior action withdraws its claim(s) after the motion is filed, but before the court can adjudicate it.
d. if the claim is successful, the court shall:
1) Award statutory damages of no less than $10,000
2) Award other compensatory damages
3) Award the prevailing plaintiff attorneys fees and costs.
4) Award compensatory damages;
5) Award the prevailing plaintiff attorneys fees and costs.
4. If any citizen of this Commonwealth is sued in another jurisdiction, and that citizen raises the anti-SLAPP protections in Chapter 231 § 59H, but the other jurisdiction declines to apply Chapter 231 § 59H, and that citizen ultimately prevails in the action, then that citizen shall have a cause of action against the plaintiff or counter-plaintiff in the foreign action if a-f, below, are proven:
a. The claim would have been subject to Chapter 231 § 59H, if it had been brought in the state courts in Massachusetts;
b. The defendant or counter-defendant in the foreign action invoked Chapter 231 § 59H;
c. The foreign court declined to apply Chapter 231 § 59H;
d. The Massachusetts defendant prevailed in that foreign action - including obtaining a dismissal without prejudice or a dismissal for a lack of personal jurisdiction; and,
e. The Massachusetts defendant in the foreign action gave the plaintiff in the foreign action notice, in writing, that if the Massachusetts defendant in the foreign action prevailed, the Massachusetts defendant in the foreign action would bring a claim under this section,
f. If these five elements are proven by a preponderance of the evidence, then the plaintiff in this action shall be entitled to:
1. Statutory damages of between $10,000 and $100,000;
2. Damages in an amount equal to the actual costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys’ fees expended in the foreign action, which were incurred after the giving of notice;
3. All actual costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys' fees expended in bringing the Massachusetts action; and
4. Punitive damages.
D. Retroactivity
The provisions of this law shall apply to all actions pending in the Commonwealth at the time of its passage and, to the fullest extent permissible, to actions pending in federal courts and foreign jurisdictions.
E. Codification of New York Times v. Sullivan
The purpose of this section is to ensure that if the Supreme Court of the United States overturns New York Times v. Sullivan, the rule laid down by that decision remains in effect in this Commonwealth.
In this Commonwealth, no party shall be liable for speech about a public official, no matter the cause of action styled, unless the plaintiff proves that the statement was knowingly false or made with reckless disregard for the truth.
A Defamation Plaintiff may meet this standard if the Plaintiff shows that the Defendant willfully ignored contrary facts or failed to engage in a reasonable investigation into the facts. Reasonableness shall be determined from a point of view of a reasonable person under the circumstances of the particular case.
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Section 59H of Chapter 231 of the General Laws, as appearing in the 2022 Official Edition, is hereby amended by striking the section in its entirety and inserting in place there of the following new section:-
A. Substantive Immunity
The purpose of this statute is to ensure full participation by citizens and organizations in the robust discussion of issues in furtherance of the right of petition, and of the rights of freedom of speech and of expression in connection with any matter of public concern. Because there has been a disturbing increase in lawsuits brought primarily to chill the valid exercise of First Amendment rights to speak on public issues, this statute recognizes that such litigation is disfavored and should be resolved quickly with minimum cost to those exercising their rights protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution or Article 16 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. In furtherance of this purpose, in any case in which a party asserts that the civil claims, counterclaims, cross claims or pre-suit discovery against said party are based, either in whole or in part, on said party’s exercise of its right of petition, or of its rights of freedom of speech or freedom of expression in connection with any matter of public concern under the Constitution of the United States or of the Commonwealth, said party may bring a special motion to dismiss.
1. All laws of this commonwealth shall be construed to afford a qualified immunity from suits and proceedings and from liability for any defendant or counter-defendant in any action, case, claim, arbitration, or administrative proceeding, that impacts their First Amendment rights. This immunity shall be broadly construed to protect all First Amendment rights.
2. This immunity may be invoked by a defendant or counter-defendant at any time, but it can be waived if the defendant or counter-defendant substantially litigates the case beyond a jurisdictional challenge before raising the immunity, unless facts later develop demonstrating the immunity should apply, and such facts were not available to the defendant prior.
3. This immunity may be invoked by making a showing that a claim or counterclaim is based upon the defendant or counter-defendant's use of the rights afforded under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution or the free speech provision of the Massachusetts Constitution, see art. 16 of the Declaration of Rights, as amended by art. 77 of the Amendments to the Massachusetts Constitution.
4. This immunity may be invoked so long as a claim or counter-claim is based upon at least one act in furtherance of these rights, even if the claim or counter-claim is also based on acts not in furtherance of these rights.
5. This immunity may only be overcome by a showing by the plaintiff or counter-plaintiff that the claim or counterclaim is of sufficient merit, with prima facie evidence, there is a probability of prevailing on the claim or counterclaim. If invoked in federal court or in a court outside the Commonwealth, the plaintiff must show that the claim can survive a motion to dismiss or a motion for summary judgment, or analogous motion, as applicable.
6. Given that this is a substantive immunity from suit, not just liability, any denial of a motion invoking this immunity shall be appealable on an interlocutory basis in the state courts of Massachusetts and, to the fullest extent permissible, in the jurisdiction in which the matter is pending.
7. If a defendant or counter-defendant successfully invokes this immunity, that defendant or counter-defendant shall be entitled to all actual costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys' fees expended in the defense of the case as well as all actual costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys' fees expended in any successful appeal. The rights and remedies of this statute apply to claims brought by the Commonwealth or its subdivisions against any person or entity and, to the fullest extent possible, sovereign immunity for the recovery by such defendant of fees, costs, and damages provided in this statute is hereby waived. The provisions of this statute shall not apply to a cause of action asserted against a governmental unit or an employee or agent of a governmental unit acting or purporting to act in an official capacity.
8. If a defendant or counter-defendant successfully disposes of all claims or counter-claims by a party brought against it under this Section, the defendant or counter-defendant may recover all actual costs, disbursements, and reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred in defending itself from the claims or counter-claims, regardless of whether such costs, disbursements, or attorneys’ fees are related to a motion under this Section.
9. If fewer than all claims or counterclaims are disposed of under this Section, the defendant or counter-defendant may only recover those costs, disbursements, and attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with a motion under this Section.
10. This immunity may be exercised either by a motion to dismiss invoking the immunity, a motion for judgment on the pleadings, or an early motion for summary judgment invoking the immunity. The party invoking this immunity may also bring a counterclaim for violation of the Anti-SLAPP law.
B. Special Motion to Dismiss Procedure
The purpose of this section is to provide procedures through which Section A will apply in all courts in this Commonwealth.
1. In federal courts and in foreign jurisdictions, these procedural rules are severable from the anti-SLAPP substantive immunity established in the foregoing section. In Massachusetts state courts, and wherever these rules are not in conflict with those of the tribunal, if an action is brought against a person in violation of the Substantive Immunity from anti-SLAPP litigation, the person against whom the action is brought may bring a special motion to dismiss or an Anti-SLAPP counterclaim, or both.
2. A special motion to dismiss may be filed 7 days after notice of an intent to bring an Anti-SLAPP motion is served upon the plaintiff (or other authority bringing the claim)
3. If a special motion to dismiss is filed, the court shall:
(a) Determine whether the moving party has established by a preponderance of the evidence that the claim fits within the substantive immunity protections;
(b) If the court determines that the moving party has met the burden pursuant to subparagraph (a), determine whether the non-moving party has demonstrated with prima facie evidence a probability of prevailing on the claim;
(c) If the court determines that the non-moving party has established a probability of prevailing on the claim pursuant to paragraph (b), ensure that such determination will not:
(1) Be admitted into evidence at any later stage of the underlying action or subsequent proceeding; or
(2) Affect the burden of proof that is applied in the underlying action or subsequent proceeding;
(d) Consider such evidence, written or oral, by witnesses or affidavits, as may be material in making a determination pursuant to paragraphs (a) and (b);
(e) Except as otherwise provided in subsection 4, stay all other portions of the case, including discovery and motion practice pending:
(1) A ruling by the court on the motion; and,
(2) The disposition of any appeal from the ruling on the motion; and,
(f) Rule on the motion within 30 judicial days after the motion is served upon the plaintiff, with such time to be extended by good cause shown or as the court’s schedule requires.
4. Upon a showing by a party that information necessary to meet or oppose the burden pursuant to paragraph (3) is in the possession of another party or a third party and is not reasonably available without discovery, the court shall allow limited discovery for the purpose of ascertaining such information.
(a) This showing must be demonstrated by separate motion, and must be accompanied by an affidavit, signed under penalty of perjury, by the moving party and the moving party’s attorney,
(b) This motion must lay out, with specificity, the discovery requested, the reason it the specific discovery is necessary, and why it cannot be gathered in any other way.
(c) If the motion lacks such specificity, it must be denied and the reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred in opposing it must be awarded to the non-moving party.
(d) Before bringing such discovery motion, the prospective moving party must meet and confer with the non-moving party in order to resolve the matter without a motion. If the non-moving party has unreasonably declined to agree to the discovery, the moving party shall be entitled to the reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred in bringing the motion.
5. If the court dismisses the action pursuant to a special motion to dismiss, the dismissal operates as an adjudication upon the merits.
6. If the plaintiff or counter-plaintiff notices dismissal or moves to voluntarily dismiss the action, or seeks to amend the complaint, after a special motion to dismiss is filed,
(a) Such notice of dismissal or motion to dismiss shall function as an admission that the special motion was meritorious, and thus the court must grant the motion.
(b) Such motion to amend shall function as an admission that the special motion was meritorious as to any claims that the amendment would remove,
7. The court may modify any deadlines pursuant to this section or any other deadlines relating to a complaint filed pursuant to this section if such modification would serve the interests of justice.
C. The SLAPP Back Statute:
The purpose of this section is to provide a positive cause of action for persons who have been aggrieved by a SLAPP suit, but require additional remedies to be made whole.
1. If any claim, action, administrative proceeding, or any action of any kind is brought against a party, and that party wishes to invoke the anti-SLAPP law by way of separate action, they may do so.
2. If an action is brought, and a party successfully invokes the anti-SLAPP statute, that person may bring a separate action to recover any damages, costs and fees that could not be recovered in the trial court.
3. The elements of this claim are:
a. claim was filed,
b. there was an anti-SLAPP motion filed (or an equivalent in federal court)
c. The motion was successful. The motion shall be considered “successful” if a court rules it so or if the Plaintiff in the prior action withdraws its claim(s) after the motion is filed, but before the court can adjudicate it.
d. if the claim is successful, the court shall:
1) Award statutory damages of no less than $10,000
2) Award other compensatory damages
3) Award the prevailing plaintiff attorneys fees and costs.
4) Award compensatory damages;
5) Award the prevailing plaintiff attorneys fees and costs.
4. If any citizen of this Commonwealth is sued in another jurisdiction, and that citizen raises the anti-SLAPP protections in Chapter 231 § 59H, but the other jurisdiction declines to apply Chapter 231 § 59H, and that citizen ultimately prevails in the action, then that citizen shall have a cause of action against the plaintiff or counter-plaintiff in the foreign action if a-f, below, are proven:
a. The claim would have been subject to Chapter 231 § 59H, if it had been brought in the state courts in Massachusetts;
b. The defendant or counter-defendant in the foreign action invoked Chapter 231 § 59H;
c. The foreign court declined to apply Chapter 231 § 59H;
d. The Massachusetts defendant prevailed in that foreign action - including obtaining a dismissal without prejudice or a dismissal for a lack of personal jurisdiction; and,
e. The Massachusetts defendant in the foreign action gave the plaintiff in the foreign action notice, in writing, that if the Massachusetts defendant in the foreign action prevailed, the Massachusetts defendant in the foreign action would bring a claim under this section,
f. If these five elements are proven by a preponderance of the evidence, then the plaintiff in this action shall be entitled to:
1. Statutory damages of between $10,000 and $100,000;
2. Damages in an amount equal to the actual costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys’ fees expended in the foreign action, which were incurred after the giving of notice;
3. All actual costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys' fees expended in bringing the Massachusetts action; and
4. Punitive damages.
D. Retroactivity
The provisions of this law shall apply to all actions pending in the Commonwealth at the time of its passage and, to the fullest extent permissible, to actions pending in federal courts and foreign jurisdictions.
E. Codification of New York Times v. Sullivan
The purpose of this section is to ensure that if the Supreme Court of the United States overturns New York Times v. Sullivan, the rule laid down by that decision remains in effect in this Commonwealth.
In this Commonwealth, no party shall be liable for speech about a public official, no matter the cause of action styled, unless the plaintiff proves that the statement was knowingly false or made with reckless disregard for the truth.
A Defamation Plaintiff may meet this standard if the Plaintiff shows that the Defendant willfully ignored contrary facts or failed to engage in a reasonable investigation into the facts. Reasonableness shall be determined from a point of view of a reasonable person under the circumstances of the particular case.